Analysis of the company Human Resource Management - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1092 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Introduction The main objective of the company is to be the most successful airline in the world, and to realize this vision; the company has made huge investments in its Human Resources, which is considered as the most valuable asset of any organization. The organization recruits highly skilled and intellectual personnel and replaces them with more supportive and resourceful ones which I believe is an effective Human Resource Management (HRM) technique. HRM mainly refers to the planning, development and the utilization of workforce in an organization so that it can achieve better productivity as it tries to attain its objectives. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Analysis of the company Human Resource Management" essay for you Create order This paper is an attempt to evaluate the current human resource management practices at the company using the Storey Model. Question 1 The Storey model considers a more humane approach to human resource management and in many respects, managing this approach to Human Resource can be quite difficult among many organizations (Boxall, 1996, p.5). While other management models try to promote positive attitudes through increasing employee responsibility by means of promotion and increased salaries, cultural change as per the Storey Model mainly concentrates on attitudes of employees and aims to promote commitment rather than resigned behavioral compliance (Truss, 1997, p.15). As a result, the managerial tasks may become more difficult compared to other models of HRM, where cultural change is required. Even by todays standards, The Company has managed to significantly improve its corporate culture compared to its early days. For instance, during the 1980s when the airline was facing challenges, the companys productivity was below its main competitors, forcing it to incur huge financial losses. It seemed employees were bec oming increasingly discontent, evidenced by increasing customer dissatisfaction which made it one of the airlines to be avoided as per the advisory of the International Airline Passengers Association in 1980 (Bertillo et al., 3013, p.213). However, Bertillo (2013, p.215) notes that by the mid-90s, this situation had been completely reversed making not only the most profitable airline in the world but also among the top favorites that most graduates wanted to work for. Five years later, another survey declared the airline the second most admired company in Europe (Stewart, 2017, p.132). Much of these can mainly be attributed to the companys cultural change which was played a significant role in shaping the attitudes of the staff as well as placing more attention on customer care as the primary focus activity (Harvey and Turnbull, 2016, p.76). It was largely successful due to the management’s focus on creating a vision that would inspire the companys employees including gaining their commitment. At the heart of this success was the Putting People First training programme that was initiated by the new management (Robertson and Cooper, 2015, 64). Though it was initially intended for staff who interacted directly wit h customers, it was later attended by all the forty thousand employees the company had at the time and aimed to influence their attitudes. In sharp contrast to the old culture of the company, employees were required not to attend the training in uniform, and once in the course, they were instructed to group into cross fictional and cross-grade groups. The training program was consciously designed to modify behavior, and attending employees were required to adopt a more positive attitude towards themselves, taught how to set personal goals, how to cope with stressing situations and trained on how to build confidence as well as how to get what they wanted in life (Stewart, 2017, p.140). This approach was self-consciously indocrinative in nature, especially in how it was designed to attain self-commitment of the staff. Apart from the success in getting the staff to be more committed in their roles at the company, one other significant process in cultural change at the organization was the way in which existing recruitment policies and practices were adjusted to fit the new culture at the company, that also included a new emphasis on the new practices and programmes (Jackson et al., 2014, 25). Not only were team briefings and integrated teamwork introduced, but they were also developed and refined in accordance with the new culture. The rostering of cabin crews was changed in order to provide a more flexible work environment and make the cabin crew feel happier. Besides, managerial bonuses were raised to almost 20 percent of salaries and were determined by exhibiting desired behaviors and achieving set objectives (Nickson, 2013, p.312). Awards of excellence and other similar activities encouraged employees to continue performing better. Over three decades since the implementation of these initiative s, The company is still reaping from the success of these programmes. In fact, it is difficult to believe that without these structural improvements the company would still be thriving today (Stewart, 2017, p.135). Equally, the structural interventions might have played a key role in enhancing the corporate culture at the organization (Storey, 2014, p.223). Question 2 A growing service sector and an increasing focus on customer service in most industries call for more emphasis on the service process, of which most employees are part of, which clearly shows the importance of the companys new culture (Storey, 2014, p.346). To date, the company still conducts these programmes, such as the Customer first campaigns and Putting People First program that are meant to make the 20, 000 plus employees of the company become more customer focused and breakdown bureaucracy among employees. Besides these, the company has also invested in employee development programs that are geared towards encouraging employees to continue learning by providing them with access to major learning programs. The first of these is based on the principles of open learning, which provides a number of progressive stages and qualifications and can eventually allow an employee to graduate with an MBA (Aswathappa, 2013, 237). The second program is the Top Flight Program which provides a series of learning stages in steps and is designed to allow participants to progress to an executive position (Aswathappa, 2013, 240). Recent surveys still show that customers are still satisfied by the services offered by the airline, and have continued to develop more positive attitudes towards the kinds of services they receive as compared to surveys in the 80s and early 90s (Bamber et al., 2013, 254). This success can be largely attributed to the companys Human Resource planning and development over the years that have had a direct impact on its good performance (Stewart, 2017, p.219). Moreover, the employees of the company today are more satisfied with their salaries, work flexibility, career development opportunities at the company as well as the ability to participate in organizational strategic decision making which results in a more favorable working environment and this increases their commitment to work for the company (Storey, 2014, p.250).

A Setting Of A Jungle Gym - 1466 Words

Running Head: In-group Out-group Discrimination Will Positive Interaction Change Social Perceptions Towards Out-groups Shaniqua Hall Social Cognitive Temple University Abstract Current research demonstrates the reoccurrence of favoritism in intergroup and prejudice towards the outer group. These biases assist one in order to obtain social preference for identity. In most of these experimental scenarios, the subjects are pitted against one another in a competition which will clearly demonstrate this phenomenon, recognized as the minimal group paradigm. This paper will evaluate 100 seven-year-old children in a naturalistic setting of a jungle gym. We will examine if the minimal group paradigm is still as effected after†¦show more content†¦The anticipated stereotypes categorizes favoritism with the in-group and insulting behavior for the out-group. The minimal group effect should, therefore, be considered a powerful learning bias for underlying the rapid internalization of social biases in the real world. This will create discriminatory behavior response to the perception of social differences based on the individual’s social preference. Soc ial identity is based on a person’s sense of self derived from perceived membership in social groups. When we belong to a group, we are likely to derive our sense of identity, at least in part, from that group. Without having teams, competition, or meaningful accomplishments individuals will unconsciously categorize themselves into the predictable in-group. The rationale for this research is to provide strong evidence that an individual will categorize themselves with the expected in-groups and show discrimination towards the out-groups after a positive interaction with both. Previous research that explains the minimal group phenomenon is the The Robbers Cave experiment. This was done with eleven-year-old boys unknowingly assigned into two teams. There were challenges set up in order to intensify the conflict between both groups. This experiment lasted one week and consisted of three stages. The first stage consisted of each team gaining a sense of identity and partnership. It was during the end of this stage that the participants were aware of the

Enviromental Protection Act Free Essays

Environmental Protection Act 1986 Submitted by:Prachi Soni Rashmi Singh Partho Pritam Sarkar Environmental laws ?Protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country. Department of Environment was established in India in 1980. later became the Ministry of Environment and Forests in ? ? The ? ?This Environmental Protection Act 1986 ?The constitutional provisions are backed by a number of laws – acts, rules, and notifications. We will write a custom essay sample on Enviromental Protection Act or any similar topic only for you Order Now EPA (Environment Protection Act), 1986 came into force soon after the Bhopal Gas Tragedy. large number of laws came into existence as the problems began arising, for example, Handling and Management of Hazardous ? ? The ? ? Thereafter List of the environmental legislations ?General ? Forest ? Water ? Air ? and wildlife General ?1986 Act ? 1986 – The Environment (Protection) Rules ? 1989 – The objective of Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules ? 1989 – The Manufacture, Storage, and Import of Hazardous Rules ? 1989 – The Manufacture, Use, Import, Export, and Storage of hazardous Micro-organisms/ Genetically The Environment (Protection) General ?1991 – The Public Liability Insurance Act and Rules and Amendment, 1992 ? 1995 – The National Environmental Tribunal Act ? 1997 – The National Environment Appellate Authority Act ? 1998 – The Biomedical waste (Management and Handling) Rules ? 1999 – The Environment (Siting for Industrial Projects) Rules, 1999 General ?2000 – The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 ? 2000 – The Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation and Control) ? 001 – The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001 ? 2002 – The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) (Amendment) ? 2002 – Th e Biological Diversity Forest and wildlife ? ? 1927 ? ?1972 ? ?1980 – The Indian Forest Act and Amendment, 1984 – The Wildlife Protection Act, Rules 1973 and Amendment 1991 – The Forest (Conservation) Act and Rules, 1981 Water ?1882 ? ?1897 ? ?1956 ? ?1970 – The Easement Act – The Indian Fisheries Act – The River Boards Act – The Merchant Shipping Act ? Water ?1974 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act ? 1977 – The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act ? 1978 – The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Rules ? 1991 – The Coastal Regulation Zone Notification ? Air ?1948 – The Factories Act and Amendment in 1987 ? 1981 – The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act ? 1982 – The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules ? 1982 – The Atomic Energy Act ? 1987 – The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment Act ? 1988 – The Motor Vehicles Act Thank You How to cite Enviromental Protection Act, Papers

The Gilligan-Kohlberg Moral Theory Controversy free essay sample

Feminist ethics explores the fundamental effect of this imbalance on moral philosophy and seeks to rectify it. So the questions we face are: Do women have a distinct moral perspective? How if at all is gender relevant to moral theory? Questions such as these will be answered in this essay. The concept of morality has long been one of intense interest and debate for many disciplines, from ancient philosophy to contemporary psychology. However, it could be questioned the extent to which we have developed in terms of understanding such an abstract entity. Carol Gilligan follows the cognitive developmental models of Lawrence Kohlberg in her argument concerning female morality, yet can her perspective be supported, or does her theoretical model raise broader issues surrounding the explanation of moral thought and behavior? According to Gilligan, the model of a distinct female moral development is in response to the lack of attention paid to women in previous models of moral development, namely Kohlberg. We will write a custom essay sample on The Gilligan-Kohlberg Moral Theory Controversy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I want to begin by comparing two well-known scholars and their debate, Carol Gilligan and Lawrence Kohlberg. My purpose here is to review the Gilligan-Kohlberg controversy and show the relevance of gender diversity in moral theory. I will discuss some of the implicit and explicit philosophical differences between Gilligans and Kohlbergs out-looks and will then illustrate that Gilligan’s claims that women have a distinctive moral voice cannot be fully justified. Lawrence Kohlberg, born in 1927, taught at Harvard University where he taught both education and social psychology. Kohlberg’s stages of moral development are the stages in thinking about right and wrong that everyone goes through growing up. Each stage builds on the one before so you have to go through them in order. There were six stages (three levels): avoiding punishment, self-interest, good boy attitude, law and order morality, social contract, and principle. The first level of moral thinking, â€Å"pre-conventional,† is generally found at the elementary school level. In the first stage of this level, people behave according to socially acceptable norms because they are told to do so by some authority figure (e. g. , parent or teacher). This obedience is compelled by the threat or application of punishment. The second stage of this level is characterized by a view that right behavior means acting in ones own best interests. The second level of moral thinking, â€Å"conventional,† is generally found in society. The first stage of this level (stage 3) is characterized by an attitude, which seeks to do what will gain the approval of others. The second stage is one oriented to abiding by the law and responding to the obligations of duty. The third level of moral thinking, â€Å"post-conventional,† is one that Kohlberg felt is not reached by the majority of adults. Its first stage (stage 5) is an understanding of social mutuality and a genuine interest in the welfare of others. The last stage (stage 6) is based on respect for universal principle and the demands of individual conscience. While Kohlberg always believed in the existence of Stage 6 and had some nominees for it, he could never get enough subjects to define it, much less observe their longitudinal movement to it. Gilligan (â€Å"In a Different Voice) challenges Kohlberg’s â€Å"stage theory† of moral development. Carol Gilligan, born in 1936, received her doctrine then taught at Harvard University, where she became Kohlberg’s research assistant. Gilligan argued that by building his model on a sample of men, Kohlberg had failed to include the perspectives of women, and further, had relegated women to the status of deviants from the norm. According to Gilligan, she thinks that men are characteristically concerned with practical moral matters of justice and that women are more often concerned with the moral matters of care. Gilligan suggested, â€Å"Women spoke a language which was not decodable by Kohlberg’s system. She thought that women were fundamentally unheard in the Kohlberg’s methodology. In 1977 Carol Gilligan challenged Kohlberg’s model in saying that there was sex bias. In conducting interviews for a project with Kohlberg, Gilligan found what she called â€Å"a different voice,† the perspective, voiced mainly by women, that morality was not defined by justice, fairness, or universal rights, as Kohlberg argued. Instead, this perspective described morality based on care, on responsibility to others, on the continuity of interdependent relationships. When one begins with the study of women and derives developmental constructs from their lives, the outline of a moral conception different from that described by Freud, Piaget, or Kohlberg begins to emerge and informs a different description of development. In this conception, the moral problem arises from conflicting responsibilities rather than from competing rights and requires for its resolution a mode of thinking that is contextual and narrative rather than formal and abstract. This conception of morality as concerned with the activity of care centers moral development around the understanding of responsibility and relationships, just as the conception of morality as fairness ties moral development to the understanding of rights and rules (Gilligan, 1982). Gilligan illustrated this view as a morality of care and argued that it was a distinct moral orientation, not just one of Kohlberg’s stages of moral development. She believed that this orientation resulted in different reasoning and ways of resolving moral conflict situations. Kohlberg’s response to Gilligan was to recognize the significance of distinguishing the concept of morality, which focuses on special relationships and obligations, but to deny that it was a distinct moral orientation. He saw it as an addition rather than alternative to justice solutions. We believe that Gilligan’s distinction between a morality of care and a morality of justice is a distinction held in the minds of all human beings†¦ However, these two senses of the word moral do not represent two different moral orientations existing at the same level of generality and validity. We see justice as both rational and implying an attitude of empathy. It is for this reason that we make the following proposal: i. e. that there is a dimension along which various moral dilemmas and orientations can be placed. Personal moral dilemmas and orientations of specials obligation, as we have just discussed them, represent one end of this dimension and the standard hypothetical justice dilemmas and justice orientation represent the other end (Kohlberg, Levine, and Hewer, 1983). Therefore, Kohlberg expanded his view of morality to include obligations based on special relationships. Gilligan maintained that a primary concern with morality as care often extended beyond ties of family and close friendships. According to Gilligan, the process of defining a moral conflict was crucial to understanding ones moral reasoning (Gilligan, 1982). Reviewing Kohlberg’s methodology, Gilligan critiqued his hypothetical dilemmas presupposed a definition of morality as justice and were biased towards justice-based resolutions. Gilligan, along with other researchers, developed an interview to determine the different types of moral reasoning. The interview is designed to permit an interaction between two people that makes it possible to present as fully as possible how one of them thinks about some important issues†¦ Thus the set of questions put to a person in an interview is designed to allow the person to present his or her thinking and to elaborate the ways between two people. For the interviewer, two things are necessary: (1) to listen, that is, to follow the train of thinking of the person interviewed; and (2) to have – as Piaget suggests – some directing hypothesis to guide the probing (Lyons, 1984). The objective of the interview was to explore the hypothesis that men and women define moral issues differently and use different bases on which they reason them out. Results found showed that Gilligan’s thesis that two distinct moral orientations were significantly related to gender. In both of the studies, the ethics of care predominated in female thinking and the ethics of justice predominated in the male thinking. Most of Gilligan’s work focused on her views of the care – justice distinction. It is an argument that many men and women find very appealing. However, in conducting her hypothesis, she developed a methodological innovation. Since she used open-minded interview questions about real life dilemmas, the participants were able to define morality in the context of their own lives. Because of this methodological approach, Gilligan was able to â€Å"hear† the voices of women and men describing their own experience of moral conflict. These provided the data for her articulation of â€Å"a different voice†. Gilligan’s method is less biased than Kohlberg’s in that it enables people to provide their own moral dilemmas as the basis for examining their reasoning. However, a third argument has come into play. Carol Stack found errors in her findings of Gilligan. Stack argues persuasively for a greater understanding of relative factors in defining gender identity. Her appeal does not contradict Gilligan’s criticism of Kohlberg, but takes it a step further. Gilligan’s theory of women’s moral development has taken root in native soil. It is a powerful and persuasive theory that derives a female model of moral development from the moral reasoning of primarily white, middle-class women in the United States. The model fits the data, and it fits the conceptualizations of many feminist researchers. However as black and third-world feminist researchers have emphasized, gender is a construct shaped by the experience of race, class, culture, caste, and consciousness. Feminist research must contribute another dimension to the construction of feminist theory: it should provide a critical framework for analyzing gender consciousness and a cautionary reminder to those theorists who think that gender construction is the same in all societies (Stack, 1986). With that perspective being revealed, Gilligan now appears to be in the same trap as Kohlberg. Both Gilligan and Kohlberg have major criticisms in their studies conducted. While gathering empirical research, a sample is selected to represent the larger population. How the population is described and how the sample is chosen are important to the conclusions made about the research gatherings. For instance, if Kohlberg’s population norm is â€Å"people like us,† and that is what we believe, then we will relegate people that are â€Å"not like us. Kohlberg’s norm was men, and later on women were taken into account and measured as â€Å"others. † Gilligan’s norms were white, educated, middle-class women. When researchers see themselves as the norm, those who do not fall under that category are different and become the â€Å"other. † In this case, the people that do not categorize under the norm, their voices are not considered important enough t o acknowledge. The words may be physically heard, but the import of them is dismissed as insignificant. Listening to women’s views and trying to tie them into the research model does not mean that all women think in the same way, nor does it mean that all women have been left out. Throughout the research, it indicates within the models, methods, and in our society as a whole, it is hard to understand and translate the experiences. Gilligan argues, in regards to moral reasoning, that those experiences can be heard by listening more carefully to women. On the other hand, listening to men share their experiences are hard to hear also within the context of narrowly defined frameworks of moral development. The lesson is not that all women are caring, but in this development to exclude women’s experience, a type of reasoning and expression has also been excluded which is also an aspect of men’s thinking. Summing up care as a form of moral reasoning does not authorize the idea that all women are the same and engage in caring resolutions. In general, it gives an overall better understanding of the reasoning of people. With that being said, both men and women practice the act of caring. In conclusion, I feel that Gilligan’s claims that women have a distinctive moral voice cannot be fully justified. Gilligan is on the right track when she writes about the dual context of morality and moral maturity. Nevertheless Gilligan is wrong in the respect that she thinks, like Kohlberg, that these matters can be proven by empirical research and data. Men and women across various cultures appear to have the capacity to adopt either the justice or care driven approach to moral dilemmas, yet there does not appear to be a fixed pattern or system of thought. Regardless of whether her theory of female moral development is accurate, Carol Gilligan’s work helped to encourage the field of psychology to include women and girls in studies and theories.

Factors Making Small Communities in Pakistan More Vulnerable to Disasters free essay sample

There is no single definition or explanation of a disaster, as a matter of fact in this modern age of science and technology one could predict the time and place and estimate the damage when a disaster would hit a certain area however only an estimate could be made about the outcome of the dreadful event still all the disasters could not be forecasted. This prediction also has difference in opinion when it comes to interpret the disaster; economists may measure it by calculating the loss of assets, health workers might talk of diseases that might spread after the event, political view might be setting institutions to deal with the event and social view might involve the effects on the society. Pakistan has been at risk to many natural and manmade disasters in the past. History states various events when cyclones, flooding, drought, landslides and earth quakes have hit the country. We will write a custom essay sample on Factors Making Small Communities in Pakistan More Vulnerable to Disasters or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The country is also believed to be one of the most flood prone terrains in South Asia. The floods of 1950, 1992 and 1998 and 2011 have taken various lives and made severe damage to property and assets. Pakistan is also located at seismically active zone making the area vulnerable to extreme consequences. This vulnerability was proven on October 2005 when an earthquake measuring 7. 6 on the rector scale had hit 9 districts in Kheyber Pakhtunkhuwa and Azad Jammu Kashmir killing over 72,000 people and destroying over 4,00,000 houses. Pakistan being an agriculture based country also has fear of droughts. The droughts of 2002 had cost an estimated amount of 2. 5 billion $. Pakistan does not have a lot of reported cyclone hit incidents to stat yet till now roughly fourteen cyclones have been recorded since 1971-2012 which also had damages in a notable amount. When a disaster strikes some area it does not spare any in its way but the most prone and effected people are the ones who belong to small communities. Their segregation and exclusion in to small communities might be due to the false and holistic systems present in our social circles bases on ethnic, religious or class based values in the current society. Further on these segregated segments are marked as poor or minorities. However these small communities are most vulnerable when a disaster strikes. The level of their vulnerability increases in the post disaster scenario. There are many factors behind the vulnerability which have horrific outcomes for these small communities as a result. I would like to discuss on a few factors which in my view point are the important factors and causes of the increased vulnerability of these small communities. Poverty is one of the most fundamental causes which results in increased level of vulnerability of small communities. Their lack of access to resources leads to the lack of capacity in dealing with a disaster. An estimate made in 2005 states that around 22. 6% of the total population lives under the poverty line in the country, further on 40% of the total urban population lives in slums. The economic situation in the country is not very stable and due to this inflation is widespread in the country leading to income volatility. In circumstances where poverty is present in the society at such a high scale, it gets difficult to make ends meet, fighting against a disaster is a question that does not even comes in to the context. Poor construction practices also result in the increase in the vulnerability of the small communities. Due to poverty still in many villages people build their houses out of mud. This is not a strong structure. At the time of a disastrous event such structures can prove not to be very resistant. Similarly in urban areas as mentioned above a large number of people live in slums which are again not a very resilient structure in case of disasters. There are no proper code and conducts devised by the government authorities to tackle with this issue. Such conditions increase the vulnerability of the small groups present in Pakistan. Weak early warning system is a problem present in many developing countries. Pakistan being a developing country also has this problem where due to the lack of resources and technology many disasters cannot be predicted on time. Due to this it gets hard to estimate the damage level and the intensity of the disaster beforehand. It also gets hard to make a relief plan or mitigation strategies to minimize the effects of the disaster. Remoteness and isolation is another factor which is caused by the cultural and social barriers due to which majority of the small communities are effected as they are segregated and isolated from the society. Remoteness can be taken in to two different means one is the social exclusion factor the other can be the nature of their inhabitant area which might geographically be landlocked by nature. In either ways their isolation can be a factor that can lead small communities in to a more vulnerable situation. Infrastructure can also play a role in increasing the vulnerability of small communities. If we take the area of Southern Punjab as in example the area consists of the rural side of the country and agriculture is their main source of employment, the place also has a history of floods related disasters in the past. Due to lack of proper roads etc it might get hard for people to evacuate even if the disaster as been predicted beforehand. The people from strong communities have means of transportation by which they can get to safety with ease on the other hand the poor and small communities don’t get a chance to evacuate from the danger zone. Awareness programs and education about strategies to counter disasters is a phenomenon which is not present in the current society. The floods of 2012 could be held in account as evidence of this acquisition as many of the rural poor were displaced as majority of their assets were destroyed and many lives lost. If people were given proper education about strategies to deal with the disaster as it was an area with high risk the amount of loss might have been reduced. Lack of community participation is also an important factor as due to exclusion, factions are produced in the society due to barriers they do not tend to interact with the weaker segments of the society. Their lack of communication and participation creates a divide and due to which the vulnerability is increased in the smaller communities at the time of crisis. Limited capacity and coordination between various governmental and nongovernmental agencies. This might occur due to the meager means of resistance available or mismanagement on behalf of the agencies. Corruption also has a role to play in this situation where the rights of the small communities are usurped by the larger or more power full factions of the society. This corruption could give rise to mistrust between the state and non state actors trying to fight against the disaster. As they don’t unite therefore their power is also diminished. Religious/Ethnic biases can also lead to disasters as small minorities are at stake. Due to quarrels and other means of violence threat to their assets and lives increases their vulnerability. Similarly in civil conflicts the small and less powerful communities are the ones which are at the high risk level due to their openness to danger. Rapid Urbanization as societies become more and more modern day by day the process of urbanization also increases. In search of reaching to an industrial society as it brings more and more recourses to increase the level and quality of life it also brings along some negative aspects out of which greed is most prominent. Today man has become so greedy that it does not care that what effects his voyage to success might have on others. Rapid Industrialization is also having its negative effects on the environment which will eventually lead to severe consequences as global warming. At the same time rapid urbanization means the extinction of forests and other natural resources. As majority of the small communities cannot afford to live at the core hence the are pushed to the outer circle of the area where there might be a non availability of basic necessities of lives leading to various epidemics for example due to lack of sanitation facilities or making them live in to disaster prone areas due to deforestation leading to earth quakes, landslides and floods. To conclude I would state that the above mentioned factors are some of many which evolve in our social system. What so ever is the cause of the disaster event either it is manmade, natural in nature it is the small communities which are affected the most. Social, political, armed conflicts, hazards all in total increase the vulnerability of small communities. Steps are to be taken in to account to eradicate this in justice from our society as this may lead to social unrest or may have even more bizarre outcomes on the community as a whole.

sex vs gender essays

sex vs gender essays A person is born either male or female, however according to Mead the roles of males and females are conditioned by that person's given culture. There were two articles studied by Group D, the first one tries to prove that men or women can be the aggressive sex, while the second article deals on which sex talks more and why. What it comes down too is, that both articles try to distinguish which sex is more dominant and why. Margaret Mead article, "Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies," describes research done to see if cultures contribute to the shaping of a person. The research done involves three primitive groups, the Arapesh, the Mundugumor, and the Tchambuli. IN each of the groups the roles of the sexes , both males and females, were based on the culture conditioning rather genetics or heredity. For example, culture conditioning the way a new born child is shaped into its given culture. The three groups that research was done on, at a specific point in time the child is assigned personality traits which include feminine or masculine and also the manners of the child are established. The results differ from the three groups, for the Arapesh, the individual was mildly responsive, for the Mundugumor, both male and female were aggressive and violent, and for the Tchambuli, the women dominant and the men were emotionally dependent. The reason why the results were different for all thr ee is different cultures leads to different cultural conditioning. The second article written by Deborah Tannen, "You Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in Conversation", deals with communication among men and women. The article attempts to explain why women and men talk when the do. The article states that women have been punished for talking too much or talking in the wrong way. Women have also been stereo typed since Colonial America, which different punishment were given to women. For example, wo ...

The Broker by John Grisham Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Broker by John Grisham - Essay Example â€Å"The Broker† is Joel Backman, a lawyer/lobbyist who went to prison six years ago for conspiring to sell a satellite system to an unnamed party outside the United States. The outgoing President, Arthur Morgan offers him pardon and he is released from prison, to be scuttled out of the country and hidden away in Italy. Backman had been sent to prison six years ago because he had been the broker in a deal to control the software that operates the latest to-secret spy satellite system. The Director of the CIA convinces the President to pardon him but the motive behind his action is not altruistic. The reason for engineering Backman’s release and helping him to go into hiding is to set him up as bait to fish out the parties involved in the deal for the satellite software. The CIA figures that whoever owns the satellite will find Blackman and kill him for having allowed himself to be caught six years ago. But since they have Backman under surveillance they will have the opportunity to unearth that vital piece of intelligence. Grisham’s book involves politics, espionage and above all the vital element of surveillance that forms an essential component of contemporary intelligence activity. The key element that drives this book on to its climax is the fact that the reader does not know who put up the secret satellites and who’s trying to buy the software and the intense surveillance maintained on Backman as he lives in Italy is geared towards unlocking these secrets. Backman however, has his own plans and he doesn’t plan to let either side get to him. But the information he is privy to about the secret satellite system makes him a prime target. He is constantly under surveillance and the novel demonstrates the extent to which the advances in development of satellite technology have led to its increasingly intrusive role, blurring the lines between